How Deccan Trap formed ? UPSC Geography optional

 How "DECCAN TRAPS" Formed in Cretaceous  Period ?

The Deccan Traps are a large volcanic province located in west-central India. They were formed around 66 million years ago during the end-Cretaceous period. The formation of the Deccan Traps is attributed to a series of intense volcanic eruptions.

The Deccan Traps were created through a process known as flood basalt volcanism. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how they formed:

Rifting: Around 66 million years ago, the Indian subcontinent was located near the equator and was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. The breakup of Gondwana led to the separation of the Indian plate from the rest of the supercontinent. This process created a rift, a region of stretched and weakened crust.

Mantle Plume: As the Indian plate moved over the mantle, a deep-seated mantle plume, also known as a hotspot, rose from the Earth's mantle to the surface. A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock that can generate volcanic activity.

Volcanic Eruptions: The mantle plume beneath the Indian plate caused the overlying lithosphere to thin and crack, allowing magma to rise to the surface. The magma had a high concentration of basaltic composition, which is relatively low in silica and highly fluid. This resulted in massive and widespread volcanic eruptions.

Flood Basalt: The volcanic eruptions of the Deccan Traps involved the outpouring of huge volumes of basaltic lava over a short period. The lava flows were highly fluid, covering vast areas and creating flat-lying layers of solidified lava called flood basalts. This process continued for several thousands of years, resulting in the accumulation of several layers of basaltic lava.

Plate Movement: As the Indian plate continued its northward drift, the volcanic activity associated with the Deccan Traps migrated along with it. This resulted in the formation of a large volcanic province that covers an area of approximately 500,000 square kilometers (200,000 square miles).

The eruptions of the Deccan Traps occurred over an extended period, and the volcanic activity was not limited to a single event. The exact duration and the number of individual eruptions are still debated among scientists. However, the eruptions of the Deccan Traps coincided with the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period, which also saw the extinction of the dinosaurs. The exact relationship between the volcanic activity and the mass extinction event is a subject of ongoing scientific research and discussion.

क्रीटेशस अवधि में "डेक्कन ट्रैप्स" का गठन कैसे हुआ?

डेक्कन ट्रैप पश्चिम-मध्य भारत में स्थित एक बड़ा ज्वालामुखी प्रांत है। वे लगभग 66 मिलियन वर्ष पहले क्रेटेशियस अवधि के अंत में बने थे। डेक्कन ट्रैप के गठन को तीव्र ज्वालामुखी विस्फोटों की एक श्रृंखला के लिए जिम्मेदार ठहराया गया है।

 डेक्कन ट्रैप बाढ़ बेसाल्ट ज्वालामुखी के रूप में जानी जाने वाली प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से बनाए गए थे। यहां एक चरण-दर-चरण स्पष्टीकरण दिया गया है कि वे कैसे बने:

 रिफ्टिंग: लगभग 66 मिलियन वर्ष पहले, भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप भूमध्य रेखा के पास स्थित था और सुपरकॉन्टिनेंट गोंडवाना का हिस्सा था। गोंडवाना के टूटने से भारतीय प्लेट शेष सुपरकॉन्टिनेंट से अलग हो गई। इस प्रक्रिया ने एक दरार, खिंचाव और कमजोर पपड़ी का एक क्षेत्र बनाया।

 मेंटल प्लम: जैसे ही भारतीय प्लेट मेंटल के ऊपर चली गई, एक गहरे बैठा मेंटल प्लम, जिसे हॉटस्पॉट के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, पृथ्वी के मेंटल से सतह पर आ गया। मेंटल प्लम असामान्य रूप से गर्म चट्टान का उभार है जो ज्वालामुखीय गतिविधि उत्पन्न कर सकता है।

 ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट: भारतीय प्लेट के नीचे मेंटल प्लम के कारण लिथोस्फीयर पतला और दरार हो गया, जिससे मैग्मा सतह पर आ गया। मैग्मा में बेसाल्टिक संरचना की उच्च सांद्रता थी, जो सिलिका में अपेक्षाकृत कम और अत्यधिक तरल पदार्थ है। इसके परिणामस्वरूप बड़े पैमाने पर और व्यापक ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट हुए।

 फ्लड बेसाल्ट: डेक्कन ट्रैप के ज्वालामुखी विस्फोटों में छोटी अवधि में बड़ी मात्रा में बेसाल्टिक लावा का बहना शामिल था। लावा प्रवाह अत्यधिक तरल था, विशाल क्षेत्रों को कवर करता था और बाढ़ बेसाल्ट नामक ठोस लावा की सपाट-झूठ परतों का निर्माण करता था। यह प्रक्रिया कई हजारों वर्षों तक जारी रही, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप बेसाल्टिक लावा की कई परतें जमा हो गईं।

 प्लेट संचलन: चूंकि भारतीय प्लेट ने अपने उत्तर की ओर बहाव जारी रखा, डेक्कन ट्रैप से जुड़ी ज्वालामुखी गतिविधि इसके साथ चली गई। इसके परिणामस्वरूप एक बड़े ज्वालामुखी प्रांत का निर्माण हुआ जो लगभग 500,000 वर्ग किलोमीटर (200,000 वर्ग मील) के क्षेत्र को कवर करता है।

 डेक्कन ट्रैप का विस्फोट एक विस्तारित अवधि में हुआ, और ज्वालामुखीय गतिविधि एक घटना तक सीमित नहीं थी। सटीक अवधि और अलग-अलग विस्फोटों की संख्या अभी भी वैज्ञानिकों के बीच बहस का विषय है। हालांकि, डेक्कन ट्रैप का विस्फोट क्रेटेशियस काल के अंत में बड़े पैमाने पर विलुप्त होने की घटना के साथ हुआ, जिसमें डायनासोरों का विलुप्त होना भी देखा गया था। ज्वालामुखीय गतिविधि और बड़े पैमाने पर विलुप्त होने की घटना के बीच सटीक संबंध चल रहे वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान और चर्चा का विषय है।

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